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Oldest known Bible goes online

Posted by CDA On July - 22 - 2009

The British government bought most of the pages of the ancient manuscript in 1933.

LONDON, England (CNN) – The world’s oldest known Christian Bible goes online Monday — but the 1,600-year-old text doesn’t match the one you’ll find in churches today.

Discovered in a monastery in the Sinai desert in Egypt more than 160 years ago, the handwritten Codex Sinaiticus includes two books that are not part of the official New Testament and at least seven books that are not in the Old Testament.

The New Testament books are in a different order, and include numerous handwritten corrections — some made as much as 800 years after the texts were written, according to scholars who worked on the project of putting the Bible online. The changes range from the alteration of a single letter to the insertion of whole sentences.


And some familiar — very important — passages are missing, including verses dealing with the resurrection of Jesus, they said.


Juan Garces, the British Library project curator, said it should be no surprise that the ancient text is not quite the same as the modern one, since the Bible has developed and changed over the years.


“The Bible as an inspirational text has a history,” he told CNN.


“There are certainly theological questions linked to this,” he said. “Everybody should be encouraged to investigate for themselves.”


That is part of the reason for putting the Bible online, said Garces, who is both a Biblical scholar and a computer scientist.


“Scholars will want to look very closely at it, and some of the Web site functionality is specifically for them — the ability to search the text, the ability to highlight a word, the degree of detail is particularly interesting for scholars interested in the text,” he said.


But, he added, “It’s for everyone, really a wide audience, because of curiosity, because they appreciate the value of it.”

By the middle of the fourth century, when the Codex Sinaiticus was written, there was wide but not complete agreement on which books should be considered authoritative for Christian communities, according to the Web site where the Codex is posted.


The Bible comes from the Monastery of St. Catherine in the Sinai desert, where a scholar named Constantine Tischendorf recognized its significance in 1844 — and promptly took part of it, Garces explained.


“Constantine Tischendorf was in search for ancient manuscripts, so he appreciated the age and value of it,” Garces said.


He took a handful of pages to Germany to publish them, then returned in 1853 and in 1859 for more. On that last trip, he took 694 pages, which ended up in St. Petersburg, Russia.


The Soviet government decided to sell them in 1933 — to raise money to buy tractors and other agricultural equipment.


The British government bought the pages for £100,000, raising half the money from the public. Garces called that event one of the first fundraising campaigns in British history.


Film footage from the time shows crowds of people turning out to see the manuscript, which was considered a national treasure, he said.


Though the Bible has been reassembled online, in the real world it remains scattered.


Most of it is in London. Eighty-six pages are held at the University Library in Leipzig, Germany, parts of 12 pages are held at the National Library of Russia in St. Petersburg, and 24 pages and 40 fragments remain at St. Catherine’s Monastery, recovered by the monks from the northern wall of the structure in June 1975.


The manuscript contains the Christian Bible in Greek, including the oldest complete copy of the New Testament. (A copy held at the Vatican dates from about the same period.) Older copies of individual portions of the Christian Bible exist, but not as part of a complete text.


The Codex also includes much of the Old Testament that was adopted by early Greek-speaking Christians.


That portion includes books not found in the Hebrew Bible and regarded in the Protestant tradition as apocryphal, such as 2 Esdras, Tobit, Judith, 1 & 4 Maccabees, Wisdom and Sirach.


The New Testament portion includes the Epistle of Barnabas and The Shepherd of Hermas.


As it survives today, Codex Sinaiticus comprises just over 400 large leaves of parchment — prepared animal skin — each of which measures 15 inches by 13.6 inches (380 mm by 345 mm).

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Teknologi pintar jimat elektrik

ARKIB : 10/05/2010

Teknologi pintar jimat elektrik

Oleh LAUPA JUNUS
laupa.junus @utusan.com .my

Mohammad Fadhil Abas menunjukkan sensor atau alat penderia yang dipasang di bahagian siling bilik yang diuji di sebuah bangunan di ump, pahang

Mengapakah kita perlu membayar tenaga yang kita bazirkan? Perbuatan ini memang tidak dapat diterima kerana tentunya merugikan. Lampu terpasang, kipas berpusing dan pendingin hawa menyejukkan bilik tanpa penghuni. Senario ini boleh berlaku di mana sahaja tanpa kita sedari.
Rumah, dewan, pejabat dan mungkin bilik kuliah di institusi pengajian tinggi, semuanya ruang yang kita gunakan tetapi akibat kelalaian, pembaziran boleh berlaku.
Menyedari kesilapan tersebut, Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP) mengambil inisiatif untuk memulakan satu penyelidikan bagaimana mencari kaedah untuk menghentikan operasi peralatan dalam bilik kuliah seperti pendingin hawa dan lampu secara automatik jika tidak ada penghuni atau tidak digunakan.
Teknologi yang dinamakan Pengawal Lampu dan Pendingin Hawa Secara Pintar (SALC) dibangunkan berdasarkan kajian kes di universiti terbabit yang mana didapati ada cara penyelesaian untuk mengurangkan beban elektrik.
SALC dibangunkan dengan kerjasama Fakulti Kejuruteraan Elektrik & Elektronik (FKEE) dan Pusat Pembangunan dan Pengurusan Harta (JPPH) universiti terbabit.
Kajian melibatkan sekumpulan penyelidik daripada fakulti terbabit iaitu Mohammad Fadhil Abas sebagai ketua, Norhafidzah Mohd Saad, Prof. Madya Shaikh Nasir Shaikh Ab. Rahman, Mohd Syawal Jadin dan Abdul Halim Mohd. Hanafi.
Menurut Mohammad Fadhil, kajian kes mendapati banyak pendingin hawa dan lampu di bangunan yang dikaji terpasang tanpa pengguna.
''Berdasarkan masalah ini, SALC dibangunkan dengan ciri-ciri yang membolehkan pengguna mengoperasi lampu dan pendingin hawa melalui alat pengawal atau sius peralatan terbabit," katanya ketika ditemui di kampus UMP Gambang , Pahang baru-baru ini.
Menurut beliau, kajian bermula apabila JPPH mendapati berlaku pembaziran dalam penggunaan elektrik dan data penggunaan elektrik telah diambil di beberapa bangunan.
Antara data yang diambil ialah kadar penggunaan lampu dan juga jumlah penggunaan dalam tempoh beberapa hari.
Data yang sama juga diambil bagi penggunaan pendingin hawa.
Langkah awal yang diambil ialah memasang timer di setiap papan pembahagian kuasa (DB) dan bekalan elektrik pada bangunan tersebut terpadam secara automatik pada pukul 11 malam.
Bagaimanapun kaedah tersebut tidak praktikal kerana suis perlu dipasang semula pada DB jika hendak digunakan sedangkan ia tidak boleh dilakukan kerana papan tersebut dikunci oleh JPPH.
Oleh itu, satu sistem lebih pintar diperkenalkan yang akhirnya membawa kepada penemuan sistem SALC yang lebih praktikal.
Beliau berkata, sistem tersebut mengandungi sensor yang boleh mengesan pergerakan manusia yang mana sekiranya tidak ada pergerakan dikesan dalam masa 10 minit, pendingin hawa dan lampu yang terpasang akan terpadam secara automatik.
Apa yang berlaku ialah litar yang menghubungkan setiap suis peralatan akan terputus jika tidak ada haba kesan dalam bilik tersebut .
Sistem penderia atau sensor tersebut merupakan jenis yang biasa terdapat di pasaran tetapi penemuan kajian tersebut lebih merujuk kepada bagaimana sistem terputus secara automatik apabila haba tidak dikesan dalam bilik berkenaan.
Beliau berkata, satu sistem tersebut boleh mengawal satu bilik yang mempunyai empat pendingin hawa atau kipas angin, empat buah lampu bersiri yang mana satu susunan bersiri untuk maksimum 100 x 36 Watt lampu 0.020 x 24 jam x 30 hari bersamaan 14.4kwh sebulan.
Oleh itu, kos operasi sebulan ialah 14.4kwh x 0.218 (harga) > RM3.14.
Kejayaan UMP tersebut sangat menarik kerana ia hanya memerlukan kos RM20,000 menerusi geran penyelidikan pengkomersialan UMP yang bermatlamat memberi sumbangan ke arah kesejahteraan masyarakat.
Menurut Mohammad Fadhil, sistem tersebut mudah dipasang pada bangunan tetapi adalah lebih baik dikendalikan oleh mereka yang berpengalaman.
"Teknologi ini mampu mengurangkan bil elektrik sehingga 30 peratus atau sekurang-kurangnya 10 peratus," katanya.
Pihaknya bercadang memasarkan teknologi tersebut untuk kegunaan domestik, industri dan juga lot-lot komersial seperti bangunan pejabat, bilik persidangan dan dewan kuliah.

http://www.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2010&dt=0603&pub=Utusan_Malaysia&sec=Dalam_Negeri&pg=dn_30.htm